Correlation Between Immunohistochemical Profile of Giant Cell Granuloma with Pathogenesis and Biologic Behavior: A Review Article

Abstract: Background and Aim: Giant cell Granulomas (central and peripheral) are two fairly common lesions of the oral cavity with uncertain etiology and pathogenesis. As well, the reason for their different biologic behavior is not well understood yet. This study aimed to review the immunohistochemical profile of giant cell granuloma and its correlation with pathogenesis and biologic behavior. Materials and Methods: The articles in scientific databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect published between 2010 to April 2019, were searched by using relevant keywords including giant cell granuloma, pathogenesis, and biologic behavior. Twenty seven articles which used immunohistochemistry technique were reviewed regarding immunoexpression of protein in different type of cells, difference of expression between groups, correlation between expression of the marker and biologic behavior and pathogenesis. Results: According to the findings of the reviewed studies, angiogenic markers had positive relation with behavior and pathogenesis in 55.5% and 33.3% of the studies, respectively. Review of the proteins related to osteoclastogenesis demonstrated that 45.4% and 77.2% of the studied proteins had positive relation with behavior and pathogenesis, respectively. Regarding the cell cycle proteins, 42.8% and 57.1% of the articles showed positive and negative correlation with biologic behavior, respectively. However, 85.7% of the studies observed no obvious correlation with pathogenesis.   Conclusion: It seems that osteoclastogenesis and the related proteins and its signaling pathways has the greatest correlation with pathogenesis. In addition, the most relevant factor to biologic behavior was angiogenesis.   Keywords: giant cell granuloma, pathogenesis, biologic behavior